1. Morin S, Kelly J, Charlebois E, et al. Responding to the National HIV/AIDS Strategy—setting the research agenda. JAIDS. July 1, 2011;57(3):175–80.
2. White House Office of National AIDS Policy (ONAP). National HIV/AIDS Strategy: fact sheet. July 2011.
3. ONAP. National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States. July 2010.
4. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. 2012.
5. CDC. HIV Surveillance—United States, 1981–2008. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). June 3, 2011;60(21):689–93.
6. CDC. Centers Vital signs: HIV prevention through care and treatment—United States. MMWR. December 2, 2011;60(47): 1618–23.
7. Cheever L. Engaging HIV-infected patients in care: their lives depend on it. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:1500–2.
8. HRSA, HAB. Going the distance: the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program—20 Years of leadership, a legacy of care. Accessed May 10, 2011.
9. CDC. Missed opportunities for earlier diagnosis of HIV infection-South Carolina, 1997-2005. MMWR. 2006;55:1269–72.
10. HRSA, HAB. Part D. Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program Living History Web site. 2011.
11. Rajabiun S., Cabral H, Tobias C, et al. Program design and evaluation strategies for the Special Projects of National Significance Outreach Initiative. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 2007;21(Suppl 1): S9–19.
12. Cabral H, Tobias C, Rajabiun S, et al. Outreach program contacts: do they increase the likelihood of engagement and retention in HIV primary care for hard-to-reach patients? AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2007;21(Suppl 1):S59–67.
13. Mayer KH. Introduction: linkage, engagement, and retention in HIV care: essential for optimal individual- and community-level outcomes in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(Suppl 2):S205–07.
14. Koenig S, Bang H, Severe P, et al. Cost-effectiveness of early versus standard antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults in Haiti. PLoS Med. 2011;8:e1001095.
15. Schackman B, Leff J, Botsko M, Bhives Collaborative, et al. The cost of integrated HIV care and buprenorphine/naloxone treatment: results of a cross-site evaluation. JAIDS. 2011;56(Suppl 1):S76–82.
16. Gardner E, McLees M, Steiner J, et al. The spectrum of engagement in HIV care and its relevance to test-and-treat strategies for prevention of HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. March 15, 2011;52:793–800.
17. Dombrowski J, Kent J, Buskin S, etc. Epidemiology and social population-based metrics for the timing of HIV diagnosis, engagement in HIV care, and virologic suppression. AIDS. January 2, 2012;26(1):77–86.
18. Wong M, Sarkisian C, Davis C, et al. The association between life chaos, health care use, and health status among HIV-infected persons. J Gen Intern Med. Sep 2007;22(9):1286–91.
19. Coleman S, Rajabiun S, Cabral H, et al. Sexual risk behavior and behavior change among persons newly diagnosed with HIV: the impact of targeted outreach interventions among hard-to-reach populations. AIDS Patient Care STDS. Aug 2009;23(8):639–45.
20. CDC. Mortality slide series through 2015. October 11, 2018.
21. Cunningham C, Sohler N, Wong M, et al. Utilization of health care services in hard-to-reach marginalized HIV-infected individuals. AIDS Patient Care STDS. Mar 2007;21(3):177–86.
22. CDC. Pneumocystis pneumonia—Los Angeles. MMWR. June 5, 1981;30(21):1–3.
23. Altman LK. Rare cancer seen in 41 homosexuals. New York Times. July 3, 1981. Accessed May 20, 2011.
24. Current trends update on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)—United States. MMWR. September 24, 1982; 31(37):507–508, 513–514.
25. Altman LK. New homosexual disorder worries health officials. New York Times. May 1, 1982. Accessed: June 1, 2011.
26. Chibbaro, Lou. “Gay cancer” focus of hearing. The Washington Blade. April 16, 1982. Accessed June 10, 2011.
27. Gilman S. AIDS and syphilis: the iconography of disease. AIDS: Cultural Analysis/Cultural Activism. MIT Press. 1987. Vol. 43.
28. Family in AIDS case quits Florida town after house burns. New York Times. August 30, 1997.
29. CDC. Opportunistic infections and Kaposi’s Sarcoma among Haitians in the United States. MMWR. July 9,1982;31(26); 353–4 and 360–1.
30. CDC. Epidemiologic notes and reports: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among persons with hemophilia A. MMWR. July 16, 1982; 31(27):365–7
31. CDC. Epidemiologic notes and reports immunodeficiency among female sexual partners of males with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)—New York. MMWR. January 7, 1983;31(52):697–8
32. CDC. HIV surveillance report, 2010. 2012;22. Accessed on June 16, 2012.
33. CDC. HIV/AIDS among racial/ethnic minority men who have sex with men—United States, 1989–1998. MMWR. 2000;49:4–11. Accessed June 19, 2011.
34. Hawkeswood W. AIDS ain’t a gay thing: the impact of AIDS on gay Black men. Transforming Anthropology. 1993;4.1&2:2736.
35. Woods S. HIV-infected adolescents face multiple levels of stigma. HIV Clinician. Spring 2012;24(2):7–10.
36. Radcliffe J, Doty N, Hawkins L, et al. Stigma and sexual health risk in HIV-positive African American young men who have sex with men. AIDS Patient Care STDs. August 2010;24(8): 493–499.
37. CDC.HIV/AIDS surveillance in women. May 2012.
38. HealthHIV. Addressing HIV disparities among women of color in the Southern United States.
39. CDC. HIV in the United States: an overview. March 2012. Accessed March 15, 2012.
40. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. The HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States. March 2012. Accessed March 20, 2012.
41. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescent Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. HHS.
42. Das M, Chu P, Santos G, et al. Decreases in community viral load are accompanied by reductions in new HIV infections in San Francisco. PLoS One. 2010;5(6):e11068.
43. Emery S, Neuhaus J, Phillips A, et al. Major clinical outcomes in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive participants and in those not receiving ART at baseline in the SMART study. J Infect Dis. Apr 15 2008;197(8):1133–1144.
44. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. Aug 11 2011;365(6):493–505.
45. Florida Department of Health, Bureau of HIV/AIDS. Minority AIDS Initiative: Antiretroviral Treatment and Access to Services (MAI~ARTAS) annual summary 2012.
46. Evans D. HIV test and treat: challenges to overcome. March 10, 2011.
47. CDC. CDC HIV/AIDS science facts: CDC releases revised HIV recommendations in health care settings. 2006.
48. Tobias C, Rajabiun S, Franks J, et al. Peer knowledge and roles in supporting access to care and treatment. J Community Health. March 19, 2010;35(6):609–17.
49. Phillips G, Peterson J, Binson D, et al. House/ball culture and adolescent African-American transgender person and men who have sex with men: a synthesis of the literature. AIDS Care. April 2011;23(4):515–20.
50. MacDonnell K, Naar-King S, Murphy D, et al. Predictors of medication adherence in high risk youth of color living with HIV. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 2010;35(6):593–601.
51. Outlaw A, Naar-King S, Parsons J, et al. Using motivational interviewing in HIV field outreach with young African American men who have sex with men: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(Suppl 1):S146–51. Epub 2010 Feb 10.
52. HRSA, HAB. Username: outreach worker. What’s going on @ SPNS. August 2006.
53. Dutcher M, Phicil S, Goldenkranz S, et al. AIDS Patient Care and STDs. July 2011;25(7):403–411.
54. Glanz K, Rimer B, and Viswanath K. Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice. New York: John Wiley & Sons. July 23, 2008.
55. Naar-King S, Wright K, Parsons J, et al. Transtheoretical model and substance use in HIV-positive youth. AIDS Care: Psychological and Socio-medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV. 2006;18(7): 839–845.
56. Naar-King S, Outlaw A, Green-Jones M, et al. Motivational interviewing by peer outreach workers: a pilot randomized clinical trial to retain adolescents and young adults in HIV care. AIDS Care. 2009 Jul;21(7):868–73.
57. Miller W and Rose G. Toward a theory of Motivational Interviewing. Am Psychol. September 2009;64(6):527–537.
58. HealthHIV. Patient centered medical home: transforming your health center—a guide to obtaining PCMH recognition. 2012.
59. Lincoln T, et al. Prevalence and predictors of Psychiatric distress among HIV+ jail detainees at enrollment in an observational study. AIDS Care. Summer 2012. (Special advance review copy.)
60. Avery A, et al. Jail as an opportunity to increase engagement in HIV care: findings from an observational cross-sectional study. AIDS Care. Summer 2012. (Special advance review copy.)
61. Booker C, et al. Linkage to HIV care for jail detainees: findings from the first 30 days after release. AIDS Care. Summer 2012. (Special advance review copy.)
62. Spaulding A, Jacob Arriola K, Ramos K, et al. Enhancing linkages to HIV primary care in jail settings: report on a consultants’ meeting. J Correctional Health Care. 2007;13(2):93–128.
63. Rosenberger J, Reece M, Novak D, et al. The Internet as a valuable tool for promoting a new framework for sexual health among gay men and other men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. February 18, 2011.
64. Fields S, Wharton M, Marrero A, et al. Internet chat rooms: connecting with a new generation of young men of color at risk for HIV infection who have sex with other men. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. November/December 2006;17(6):53–60.
65. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Black Americans and HIV/AIDS. March 2012. Accessed March 20, 2012.
66. CDC. HIV among African Americans. Fact sheet. November 2016.
67. Hall H Irene, et al. Estimating the lifetime risk of a diagnosis of the HIV infection in 33 states, 2004–2005. JAIDS. 49:3.
68. CDC. HIV surveillance report, 2010. March 2012;22. Table 2a. Accessed June 29, 2012.
69. United States Census Bureau. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2010. September 2011. Accessed March 15, 2012.
70. United States Conference of Mayors. Hunger and homelessness survey. A status report on hunger and homelessness in America’s cities—A 23-city survey, December 2007. December 2007. Accessed April 16, 2010.
71. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). 2010 National Healthcare Disparities Report. March 2012. Accessed March 23, 2012.
72. Maruschak LM, Beavers R. HIV in Prisons, 2007–08. United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin. 2010.
73. Fullilove R. African-Americans, health disparities and HIV/ AIDS: recommendations for confronting the epidemic in Black America. National Minority AIDS Council. 2006. Accessed June 27, 2012.
74. National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors (NASTAD). The landscape of HIV/AIDS among African-American women in the United States. African-American Women’s Issue Brief No.1. Washington, DC:NASTAD;2008.
75. Prejean J, Song R, Hernandez A, et al. Estimated HIV incidence in the United States, 2006–2009. PLoS ONE. August 2011;6(8):e17502. Accessed March 20, 2012.
76. CDC. Epidemiology of HIV infection through 2010. March 23, 2012. Accessed March 28, 2012.
77. Stokes J and Peterson J. Homophobia, self-esteem, and risk for HIV among African American men who have sex with men. AIDS Educ Prev. June 1998;10(3):278–92.
78. CDC. Health risks among sexual minority youth. November 2011. Accessed January 6, 2012.
79. Power R, Koopman C, Volk, J, et al. Social support, substance use, and denial in relationship to antiretroviral treatment adherence among HIV-infected persons. AIDS Patient Care and STDs. May 2003, 17(5):245–252.
80. United States Census Bureau. Overview of race and Hispanic origin: 2010. March 2011. Accessed March 19, 2012.
81. CDC. HIV/AIDS surveillance report, 2010. 2012; 22. Table 2b. Accessed March 15, 2012.
82. CDC. HIV/AIDS surveillance report, 2010. 2012; 22. Table 4b. Accessed March 15, 2012.
83. Parker RM, Wolf MS, Kirsch I. Preparing for an epidemic of limited health literacy: weathering the perfect storm. J Gen Intern Med. August 2008; 23(8):1273–6.
84. CDC. HIV among Latinos. Factsheet. November 2011. Accessed April 2, 2012.
85. United States Census Bureau. 2012 statistical abstract. Table 229: Educational Attainment by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1970 to 2010. Accessed March 20, 2012.
86. CDC. HIV/AIDS surveillance report, 2010. 2012;22. Table 9. Accessed March 15, 2012.
87. Albarrán C and Nyamathi A. HIV and Mexican migrant workers in the United States: a review applying the vulnerable populations conceptual model. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. May 2011;22,(3):173–185.
88. Garcia D, Hopewell J, Liebman A, et al. The migrant clinicians network: connecting practice to need and patients to care. Journal of Agromedicine. 2012;17(1):5–14.
89. Rao P, Hancy K, Velez M, et al; Farmworker Justice and Migrant Clinicians Network. HIV/AIDS and farmworkers in the United States 2008. Accessed April 21, 2010.
90. Rhodes S, Hergenratherd K, Aronsone R, et al. Latino men who have sex with men and HIV in the rural south-eastern USA: findings from ethnographic in-depth interviews. Culture, Health & Sexuality: An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care. 2010;12(7).
91. HRSA. Responding to the HIV/AIDS epidemic among Latinos: Latino best practices. Rockville, MD: United States Department of Health and Human Services, 2011.
92. President’s Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Enhancing the economic potential of A/PIs (AAPI). Washington, DC: The White House; 2007. Accessed March 23, 2012.
93. CDC. HIV/AIDS surveillance report, 2010. 2012; 22. Table 3b. Accessed March 15, 2012.
94. Chao S, Chang E, and So S. Eliminating the threat of chronic hepatitis B in the A/PI community: a call to action. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2009;10:507–512.
95. National Council of Asian Pacific Americans. Call to action: platform for Asian American and Pacific Islander national policy priorities, 2008. 2008. Accessed March 8, 2012.
96. United States Census Bureau. Language use in the United States: 2007. Accessed March 23, 2012.
97. The Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. The uninsured: a primer. October 2011. Accessed on March 20, 2012.
98. CDC. HIV/AIDS among Asians and Pacific Islanders. 2008. Accessed March 21, 2012.
99. United States Census Bureau. The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010. January 2012. Accessed April 2, 2012.
100. CDC. HIV surveillance by race/ethnicity (through 2010). March 2012. Accessed March 25, 2012.
101. Sequist T, Cullen T, Bernard K, et al. Trends in quality of care and barriers to improvement in the Indian Health Service. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2011;26(5):480–486.
102. Urban Indian Health Commission. Invisible tribes: urban Indians and their health in a changing world: executive summary. 2007.
103. HHS, Office of Minority Health. American Indian/Alaska Native profile. n.d. Accessed April 2, 2012.
104. Amaro H, Raj A, Vega R, et al. Racial/ethnic disparities in the HIV and substance abuse epidemics: communities responding to the need. Public Health Reports. Sept–Oct 2001;116(5):434–48.
105. Li Y, Baker J, Korostyshevskiy V, et al. The association of intimate partner violence, recreational drug use with HIV seroprevalence among MSM. AIDs Behav. 2012;16:491–498.
106. Gielen A, Ghandour R, and Burke J. HIV/AIDS and intimate partner violence: intersecting women’s health issues in the United States. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2007;8(2):178–198.
107. El-Bassel N, Gilbert L, Witte S, et al. Intimate partner violence and HIV among drug-involved women: contexts linking these two epidemics—challenges and implications for prevention and treatment. Substance Use Misuse. January 2011; 46(2-3):295–306.
108. Beard H. Getting real: Black women taking charge in the fight against AIDS. Black AIDS Institute. 2005. Accessed August 19, 2011.
109. Vyavaharkar M, Moneyham L, Tavakoili A, et al. Social support, coping, and medication adherence among HIV-positive women with depression living in rural areas of the southeastern United States. AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2007;21(9):667–680.
110. Vyavaharkar M, Moneyham L, Corwin. Health care utilization: the experiences of rural HIV-positive African American women. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2008;19(1):294–306.
111. Amaro H. Love, sex, and power: Considering women’s realities in HIV prevention. American Psychologist. June 1995;Vol 50(6):437–447.
112. Teti M, Rubinstein S, Lloyd L, et al. The Protect and Respect program: a sexual risk reduction intervention for women living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Behav. 2007;11(Suppl 5):S106–116.
113. Geronimus AT, Bound J, Colen CG. Excess black mortality in the United States and in selected black and white high-poverty areas, 1980-2000. 2011. Am J Public Health;101(4).
114. Mugavero M, Lin H, Allison J, et al. Failure to establish HIV care: characterizing the “no show” phenomenon. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(1):127–130.
115. Dennis A, Napravnik S, Seña A, et al. Late entry to HIV care among Latinos compared with non-Latinos in a southeastern US cohort. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(5):480–487.
116. Institutes of Medicine. Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. March 20, 2002.
117. Mugavero J, Lin H, Allison J, et al. Racial disparities in HIV virologic failure: do missed visits matter? JAIDS. 2009;50(1):100–108.
118. Kushel MB, Hahn JA, Evans JL, et al. Revolving doors: imprisonment among the homeless and marginally housed population. Am J Public Health. 2005;95:1747–52.
119. Derlega V, Winstead B, Gamble K, et al. Inmates with HIV, stigma, and disclosure decision-making. Journal of Health Psychology. March 2010;15(2):258–268.
120. Cooke C. Going Home: formerly incarcerated African American men return to families and communities. J Family Nurs. 2005;11:388–404.
121. Fu J, et al. Understanding the revolving door: individual structural-level factors associated with recidivism among HIV-infected jail detainees. AIDS Care. Summer 2012. (Special advance review copy.)
122. Williams C, et al. Gender differences in baseline health, needs at release, and predictors of care engagement among HIV positive clients leaving jail. AIDS Care. Summer 2012. (Special advance review copy.)
123. CDC. Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2009. MMWR. 2010;59(SS-5). Accessed May 30, 2011.
124. Kann L, Olsen E, McManus T, et al. CDC. Sexual identity, sex of sexual contacts, and health-risk behaviors among students in grades 9–12—youth risk behavior surveillance, selected sites, United States, 2001–2009. MMWR. June 10, 2011;60(7):1–133.
125. Valleroy LA, MacKellar DA, Karon JM, et al. HIV prevalence and associated risks in young men who have sex with men: Young Men Study. JAMA. 2000;284:198–204.